Medical Science for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theMedical Science for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. Answer: History In the given contextual investigation, 52-year-old Emma Smith had a steady beginning of stomach torment and had been retching discontinuously and incapable to endure oral liquids. She can't restrict the torment and it began in the correct lower quadrant in here and there structure. The mid-region is inflexible, delicate on palpation and seemed flushed, diaphoretic. On addressing, her agony scored 9/10 on torment scale, be that as it may, there was no torment during her last pee. She was marginally disturbed, retching and skin showed up warm to contact. Her indispensable signs included heartbeat 120 and thready, low circulatory strain 90/60, sinus tachycardia with consistent torment in the stomach. The above condition might be an instance of a ruptured appendix as the torment started in the correct lower quadrant of the stomach (Shogilev et al., 2014). Temporary analysis Intense a ruptured appendix might be a crisis condition that requires prompt consideration and the board of the condition. The temporary conclusion is the impermanent finding that should be possible with the best data accessible in that circumstance which further requires affirmation. The crisis care administration would assist with giving the consideration during Emmas move from home to emergency clinic. The quick life sparing consideration gave by the specialist on call would give oxygen organization, mechanized outer defibrillator giving consideration least crisis administration, and settle her condition before rescue vehicle show up and help her to the emergency clinic . In differential analysis, a ruptured appendix can be precarious for finding until the normal side effects are searched for. The fundamental thought on a need premise is torment the board and checking of indispensable signs like stomach torment, ultrasound or CT filter) oxygen immersion levels, circulatory strain, beat rate and temperature (Ehrman Favot, 2017). Etiology The primary driver of an infected appendix is expected to appendiceal lumen that outcomes in check primarily by lymphoid hyperplasia brought about by some remote body or worms. There is irritation of addendum and this prompts augmentation of microorganisms inside the organ and discharge development. The obstacle may prompt bacterial abundance, distension, ischemia and stomach irritation. There is obstructing of index by stool or remote body that causes intense or constant torment. Succinctly, there are two fundamental driver of a ruptured appendix: stomach contamination that may have moved to supplement or a hard stool piece might be caught in index and microscopic organisms present in it might have tainted the informative supplement (Bowen, 2015). The study of disease transmission A ruptured appendix is one of the most well-known intense stomach crisis cases; nonetheless, the occurrence is low in the populace with 6.7% females and 8.6% guys. The lifetime hazard is 12% among guys and 23% among females. This condition happens in individuals matured early adolescents and late 40s. This demonstrates male to female power and is a worldwide malady. The pervasiveness is settled in most Western nations and proposes that the rate is increasing quickly. Among these, Europe has the most elevated occurrence and rate in Australia is practically identical to Western Europe. The yearly death rate in Australia because of an infected appendix has diminished by 42.7%, be that as it may, the frequency is heightening that is turning into a significant worldwide medical problem and weight of illness (Bhangu et al., 2015). Pathophysiology As the signs and side effects of Emmas wellbeing conditions, shows to the chance of a ruptured appendix, the pathophysiology of informative supplement will be talked about. Because of the deterrent in the lumen, it turns into a shut circle and turns out to be totally loaded up with mucus.This condition prompts intramural and intraluminal weight and distension. Movement of such condition drives the increase of inhabitant microscopic organisms in the addendum. A portion of the occupant microscopic organisms of informative supplement are Bacteroids fragilis and Escherichia coli(Flum, 2015).The explanation of Emmas retching and insufferable agony is the distension of the lumen of the index. This condition causes reflex anorexia, spewing, gentle fever, sickness and serious stomach torment. The weight of the lumen of informative supplement continues expanding and surpasses the venous weight prompting the apoplexy of little venules and various vessels. Notwithstanding, in this condition als o the arterioles stays open and this makes the informative supplement blocked and engorged. Besides, aggravation in this area prompts serosa of the supplement and prompts parietal peritoneum, prompting the correct lower quadrant torment in the midsection district. At long last, the occupant microscopic organisms begin shaping discharge that hole out of the perishing dividers makes the illness progressively muddled (Wolfe Hanneman, 2013). Appraisal There are a few instrument to evaluate a ruptured appendix in patients. As the patient may be, griping about the stable cut off torment in her lower right mid-region and her mid-region is unbending, swollen and delicate. Subsequently, ultrasonography will be utilized to analyze the reason for tormenting. Ultrasonography is a simple and powerful path for essential finding of the torment and if the procedure gives negative outcome, CT sweep can be utilized to analyze further. Appendixdoes notappear for the most part in the ultrasonography strategy. In any case, after the addendum gets swollen and begin tormenting, the ultrasonography test gives an away from of 7 to 9 mm of swollen structure in the lower right quadrant of mid-region. Thus, it is a successful device to analyze reference section, if the patient is experiencing the infection (Kim et al., 2012). To identify the chance of an infected appendix, urinary 5-HIAA tests can be performed. The extent of HIAA in bloodincreases with the beginning of the sickness and during the putrefaction of the informative supplement turns out to be low in sum. Thus, from the urinary 5-HIAA test, the degree of HIAA in Emmas body can be recognized and a more clear image of infection can be achieved(Kim et al., 2012). Treatment Early treatment of Emma ought to incorporate medications to deal with her agony and to bring down the wellbeing outcomes due the indications. In the chance of reference section, the patient ought to be managed to crystalloid treatment. Emma is giving the indications of parchedness and she can't take any liquid inside her body henceforth crystalloid treatment will be compelling to manage her indications of lack of hydration and septicemia (Lacher et al., 2012). Sheshould be furnished with analgesics (parenteral and antiemetic) to comfort her stomach torment. This will assist with quieting her condition and her circulatory strain will improve (Lacher et al., 2012). Transport Transport of the patient to the medical clinic was minimal troublesome as she was experiencing extreme torment. A group of speedy activity group went with the ward young men in the rescue vehicle to move the patient from home to medical clinic and they do their temporary consideration procedures to quiet the patient in the emergency vehicle. References Bhangu, A., Sreide, K., Di Saverio, S., Assarsson, J. H., Drake, F. T. (2015). Intense a ruptured appendix: present day comprehension of pathogenesis, determination, and management.The Lancet,386(10000), 1278-1287. Bowen, W. H. (2015).Appendicitis. Cambridge University Press. Ehrman, R. R., Favot, M. J. (2017). Can Abdominal Ultrasonography Be Used to Accurately Diagnose Acute Appendicitis?.Annals of Emergency Medicine,70(4), 583-584. Flum, D. R. (2015). Intense appendicitisappendectomy or the anti-infection agents first strategy.New England Journal of Medicine,372(20), 1937-1943. Kim, K., Kim, Y. H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Lee, Y. J., Kim, K. P., ... Tune, K. J. (2012). Low-portion stomach CT for assessing associated appendicitis.New England Journal with Medicine,366(17), 1596-1605. Lacher, M., Muensterer, O. J., Yannam, G. R., Aprahamian, C. J., Perger, L., Megison, M., ... Harmon, C. M. (2012). Practicality of single-cut pediatric endosurgery for treatment of an infected appendix in 415 children.Journal of Laparoendoscopic Advanced Surgical Techniques,22(6), 604-608. Shogilev, D. J., Duus, N., Odom, S. R., Shapiro, N. I. (2014). Diagnosing a ruptured appendix: proof based survey of the analytic methodology in 2014.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine,15(7), 859. Wolfe, J. M., Henneman, P. L. (2013). Intense appendicitis.women,1, 2.

Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes Essay Sherlock Holmes developed in 1893 as an anecdotal beginner criminologist. He had fathomed numerous cases and had the option to discover the lowlife utilizing logical proof. At the point when Sherlock Holmes came out away from any confining influence, Britain was a degenerate spot as the police power was futile and individuals used to murder and take only for it. Jack the Ripper is the most popular pen name date from that period. He used to slaughter ladies whores from the ghettos and cut out their throats. He at that point sent body portions of his casualties to the police demonstrating his predominance. Individuals thought of Sherlock Holmes as a legend since they figured he could shield them from pedophiles and killers despite the fact that he was an anecdotal character. The driving force to Sherlock Holmes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He put together the super sleuth character with respect to his individual specialist, Dr Joseph Bell. He, similar to Holmes, had the option to utilize the intensity of reasoning to discover his patients occupation. Conan Doyle made this extraordinary character since he was baffled with other investigator stories. Hence he made an excessively human like analyst who utilized logical proof to comprehend his cases not at all like fortuitous event like the other investigator stories. This made Sherlock Holmes a gigantic example of overcoming adversity and when Doyle executed off the character, there was an open up thunder and passing dangers were sent to his home. Along these lines, Doyle brought back the character and his side kick Watson again from the shadows. Doyle figured out how to keep his crowds inspired by Sherlock Holmes by shrewdly making an immaculate thought. This was to discharge various stories consistently as opposed to keeping one story and conveying it one quite a long time after month. This was an astute and effective way of thinking on the grounds that Conan Doyle realized that on the off chance that he kept up with one account, at that point individuals would lose intrigue since individuals who missed an issue wouldnt purchase the following one though on the off chance that he made another story consistently, at that point individuals would even now purchase the issue each month as they didnt miss anything. This is the reason it got known as Sherlock Holmes experiences. Sherlock Holmes undertakings have a one of a kind structure. This is on the grounds that it makes a story with in the story. It begins with the casualty coming to Holmes about their problem(s). They at that point disclose to him their problem(s). This is the place Doyle makes a story inside the story. Next, Holmes explores and afterward sets out an arrangement. He in the end gets the miscreant. Portions of the structure can frequently differ. This is indicated plainly in the story The man with the contorted lip. Rather than the casualty coming to Holmes, they come to Dr Watson; Holmes right hand man. This gives us that Doyle is attempting to shift his structure. Something else is that the casualties for the most part consistently appear to be of high class. This is absent in the Red Headed League as Jabez Wilson (The person in question) is of lower class. Despite the fact that he is of lower class and his case is somewhat questionable (this is on the grounds that he out of nowhere quit getting à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½4 week by week from his auxiliary occupation as it just out of nowhere vanished) Holmes was as yet resolved to settle his case. This gives us that Holmes will take on any case regardless of who his customer is or how senseless the issue was. A decent citation to help the issue is the weirdest and the most one of a kind things are frequently associated not with the littler violations. The characters that the narratives rotate around change from story to story. There are just two characters that are available in all the 3 stories that I have perused (The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and The man with the turned lip). These two characters are the sleuthhound Sherlock Holmes and the wannabe criminologist Dr Watson. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle utilizes characters as a decent gadget by indicating the peruser and crowd that he has utilized the six principles of a decent criminologist story. * The wrongdoing must be noteworthy * The investigator must be noteworthy * The criminal must be a commendable rival * The signs must be accessible to the crowd * The speculate must show up right off the bat in the story * The arrangement must be sensible and conceivable On account of these standards, Holmes seems, by all accounts, to be powerful to the unaided eye yet whenever took a gander at closer you would find that this staggering character has a peculiarity. This is on the grounds that he smokes all the time and ingests medications and so on. The way that he smokes is indicated unmistakably in the citation from the Red Headed League Watson, I ask of you leave me for 60 minutes. I accept this is a 3 funnel issue This underscores the sum that he smokes. 3 funnel issue implies he should smoke three channels before he will find the solution which suggests that it is an extremely troublesome issue. This is on the grounds that a decided and scholarly individual like him doesnt battle with a lot. The citation in the section above likewise shows us the manner in which Holmes treats Watson. Holmes treats him like a kid who doesnt know a lot. Another statement to back up the issue is My dear specialist, this is a period for perception, not for talk. We are spies in an enemys nation. This is when Holmes answers to Watsons question with a hazy answer. It gives us how ill bred Holmes can be and that Holmes feels that Watson has a long way to go. Watson assumes the job of the storyteller and snares the peruser. Another job of his is the foil. He makes Sherlock Holmes look better. You reason it out wonderfully. I shouted in unfeigned profound respect. It is so long a chain, but every connection sounds valid. This concentrate cited from Watson, appreciates Holmes polished skill. It likewise features his deductive abilities and logical techniques. Something else Watson does is attract the crucial a palatable end. This is likewise appeared in the statement above. Watson consistently goes with Holmes on day and night excursions to offer assurance since he has a pistol. This shows his dauntlessness as he offers his life and appendages to ensure Holmes and himself. He frequently goes deliberately much after Holmes has revealed to him his life might be in danger. This strengthens his dauntlessness. Lowlifess in Sherlock Holmes stories are continually tricky and a decent counterpart for Sherlock Holmes. This makes the story all the more energizing and inebriating as we dont know whether the reprobate will pull off his wrongdoing. The reprobates are consistently of high class which makes them harder to find or suspect as a great many people wouldnt question them. The reprobates in Holmes stories shift from great scoundrels or casualties who are the miscreants. One great scoundrel is Dr Roylott. He is of high class and has probably the most seasoned family in Britain. Something else is that he is a specialist who has turned sour. This is reflected in the garments he wears. As he goes to stand up to Holmes, he wears a dark top-cap, a long gown coat, a couple of high gaiters with a chasing crop swinging in his grasp. This gives us that for a high class man, he has no confidence and has most likely lost his poise all the while. This certainly makes him an exemplary scoundrel as he has no other option yet to turn into a reprobate to keep what he has left. The entirety of this affects the peruser. It makes the peruser second look Dr Roylott as they dont might suspect he is a criminal from the start yet then it settles on them glance back at that choice and reevaluate the issue before making a determination that Dr Roylott is the reprobate. After this rushed period, the peruser is left as eager and anxious as ever to see whether he escapes or if Sherlock Holmes and his accessory catch him in the demonstration. It fabricates such a great amount of strain as they are an even match. It makes the peruser need to continue perusing to discover what occurs. Pressure begins to work when Dr Royllott strolls in through the entryway. It affects the peruser as they need to know who the unusual man is and why he came. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle figures out how to paint a truly flawless picture of the characters into our heads. Doyle does this by utilizing short yet incredible descriptive words to portray each one of a kind and basic component of their body. He gives the detail more than 1 or 2 lines to make it short and smart. Despite the fact that he does this, he can paint the image in our minds to the absolute last detail. An exceptionally bold flowery face older man of his word with blazing red hair This statement backs up the way that the essayist utilizes 1 or 2 lines of detail is as yet ready to cause you to envision what the character resembles. He utilizes words like red hot which are short and smart yet powerful. It is perfect to portray Mr Wilsons hair shading. Colorful is a decent word as it allows the sentence to sentence is as yet fit for utilizing it to greatest adequacy by depicting Jabez Wilsons face. Holmes assurance is likely the most significant piece of all Sherlock Holmes undertakings. It is appeared in all the accounts I have perused and has tackled every one of the 3 of the cases. This is on the grounds that he generally drives forward through the extreme and simple occasions. The most famous out of the 3 stories I read was presumably The man with the contorted lip This is on the grounds that it took him such a long time to make sense of who the criminal was. Rather than walking out on the case, he continued on and fathomed the case. He did this with sheer assurance. At long last, the criminal was the person in question (Neville St Clair). By and large, Sherlock Holmes is a superb character. This is on the grounds that numerous individuals thought he was a genuine individual. This shows how great Doyles composing was. Holmes additionally gave Victorian individuals trust the same number of murders and pedophiles hid the lanes. He even was a good example for the police power as student cops were advised to peruse them to tell them the best way to get hoodlums. Sherlock Holmes will be associated with numerous hundreds of years to come and his logical perspective has been embraced by police powers. He will consistently be eminent as the best anecdotal and non-anecdotal analyst the world has ever known. Cook Street additionally has a house where individuals present messages on Sherlock Holmes as that is the place he is accepted to have lived.

More on the Application Essays COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

More on the Application Essays COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog With our Early Action deadline behind us and our January 5 (deadline with fellowship consideration) and February 5 (final deadline) deadlines approaching, we’d like to provide some more information on our application essays. For general essay tips, we recommend checking out our blog entry on writing a strong essay. For the MIA/MPA program applications, the following essays are required: Personal Statement Describe future self to future employer, or current self to future employer Optional Essay A quick tip on the Personal Statement In addition to sharing your personal story, this is an opportunity to indicate a clear trajectory for your professional and personal development. This is the chance to share how SIPA can fit into your path for moving forward. We encourage you to be as detailed as possible when writing this essay. What to include on the Future Career Essay The purpose of this essay is to provide a space for prospective applicants to identify their professional strengths and establish a ‘personal pitch.’ Imagine writing a short cover letter to your ideal employer. What skills would you want to highlight? What previous experience makes you an exceptional candidate? What professional qualities do you bring to the table? More on the Optional Essay Please keep in mind that this is an optional essay. If you feel that you do not need this additional space, then do not feel obligated to fill in this space. However, if there is something you feel you could not express in other areas of the application, please use the optional essay to share this with the Admissions Committee. This is your opportunity to highlight what makes you unique as an applicant, or to offer greater detail into a part of your application that you feel you should address. We’re looking for the whole picture on our applicants, so the more information you provide, the better. Our SIPA community prides itself in having a diverse student population, made of a myriad of personal and professional stories. We look forward to reading your essays and learning more about YOU!

Account Management Internship Summer 2015 Essay - 921 Words

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British Literature Final Exam - 1301 Words

British Literature II - Final Exam British Literature is filled with diverse and talented writers who through each period has brought something new to the table. Over the course of the term we have covered the Romantic period, the Victorian Age and the Modern period. Each period has had a hand in developing literature through to the modern age and each writer has influenced the next generation. To best examine each period of literature the paper will be split amongst the three major periods the course has covered. Each period had it’s own style, stories and ways of telling each story as such the paper will explore the writers of each time and their effect on the later generations. Literature in general has grown from the impact the past generations have had on the current writers. Thus British literature in particular has developed over each period a great deal and has ultimately lead us into the modern twenty-first century literature that we read today. 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Social: very connected with society, both people and organisations which are beneficial. They also tend to share the same values and views with those they are connected too. Cultural: cultural experiences gained through literat ure, the theatre, museums and local events. Lastly, symbolic: this is a person’s status symbol, how they show themselves through material items such as technology, clothes, and their living conditions. (Humes, W. 2016) This brings about a great socialRead MoreAnecdotal Evidence On The Classroom Engagement1679 Words   |  7 Pagesplace in the second semester of the 2011-2012 school year, following Johnson’s (2013) use of the teaching method in the prior semester. Study participants consisted of 63 students, from Johnson’s (2013) flipped math classrooms, at a high school in British Columbia, Canada. Johnson (2013) states, both The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the National Research Council (NRC) â€Å"have identified aspects of math classroom instruction that must be changed to improve math education and

Binary Relation and Woman Free Essays

The movement for the emancipation of woman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than in India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of man. We will write a custom essay sample on Binary Relation and Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a olution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of Inequality, steps should be taken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman In the total development efforts of the country. Woman should get equal pay for the same work, and she be treated as an equal partner in the task of strengthening world peace. Suitable steps should be taken to secure these ends. These are near unanimity on the urgency and signifi rise of democracy, the movement for the emancipation of oman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than In India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabllltles and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a solution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of inequality, steps should be aken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman in the total the urgency and signifl India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they taken to promote equality of treatment and the full integration of woman in the total rights than in India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of the urgency and signifi How to cite Binary Relation and Woman, Papers

Information Technology Strategic Alignment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Information Technology Strategic Alignment? Answer: Introducation The key non-functional system requirements for the Headspace project include functionality, usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Functionality is the range of operations that can be run by an IT system. It comprises of several aspects including security, capability, and reusability (Chung, 2012). The IT solution required by the organization should have the general features that serve its needs, is compatible with other systems, is easily portable, and has various security features that mitigate the risks of exploitation or safety threats. A system with high functionality is secure against various security threats, connects with necessary external systems, and offers features that aligned with the organization needs. Usability is ease of use of a human-designed object such as a device, website, etc. In system development, usability implies the extent to which the system is used by target audience to achieve specific goals with efficiency and satisfaction. Usability involves several factors which include human factors, aesthetics, responsiveness, and consistency (Albert, 2013). Balancing these aspects is key to achieving high usability which is significant for the Headspace project. A highly usable system is essential in the foundation to ensure it can be effectively used by the staff to provide patient-centered care. Reliability is the probability of a system performing a specific operation under specified conditions without failure within a given timeframe (Lyu, 2007). System reliability is an important requirement that has to be considered when implementing a new system. It is defined by several aspects which include availability, failure extent, predictability, and accuracy. Reliability of the proposed solution is essential to the Headspace foundation as it carries out sensitive tasks that require real-time information. High system reliability enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization in providing care. Performance is a key non-functional requirement for any system. Firms running systems seek high performance which quick execution of tasks. Performance involves the speed, capacity, efficiency, throughput, resource consumption, and scalability (Liu, 2011). The organization needs a system with high performance which rapidly processes information and produces the expected output. A system with high performance has high speed, scales operations based on need, effectively uses resources available, and enhances the efficiency of operations. With a system that has high performance, Headspace can easily access information and utilize the system to provide care to the patients. Supportability refers to the ease of installing, configuring, and monitoring a system, identifying errors, debugging, and providing maintenance to restore the system into service (Pecht, 2009). Any firm wants a system that is easy to install and maintain. A highly supportable system can be easily set up, configured as per the organizations needs, and can be easily debugged to identify and resolve faults. Such a system is vital for Headspace foundation as it needs a system that can be easily maintained to support healthcare operations at the organization. Some of the key functional system requirements include business rules, administrative functions, user authentication, access levels, data analysis, and reporting. In contrast to the non-functional system requirements defined, these requirements specify a function that the system should execute (Pohl, 2010). For example, the system is expected to generate medical reports for each patient. On the other hand, non-functional system requirements specific criteria for assessing system operations (Glinz, 2007). For example, system performance defines how to determine how quickly the system executes a specific task. Some of the types of cloud solutions suitable for Headspace project are public, private, and hybrid cloud. Public cloud is simply the internet. Cloud providers use the internet to avail computing resources such as applications and storage to the users. Examples of public cloud solutions include Blue cloud, Windows Azure, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, etc. The providers offer convenience as its easy to set up and use. Many developers prefer the public cloud due to its ease of access. Typically, public cloud has fast speed and attracts enterprises. It operates on a cost-effective pay-per-use model hence users only pay for the resources they use. Public cloud is flexible as it allows users to increase or reduce capacity and can be accessed from any device that is connected to the internet. The public cloud has various risks which undermine its effectiveness in some situations. It is operated by a third party implies that it isnt specific to any business and is designed to have shared resources. Public cloud outages are common which can affect operations. Outages may adversely affect Headspace which relies on the cloud solution for real-time information to provide care. Also, public cloud has a lower level of security and can be vulnerable to attacks (Ren, 2012). This is a major threat to Headspace which handles personal information that has to be safeguarded as required by the law. Private cloud is a data architecture owned and managed by a single enterprise. The private cloud aims to gain benefits of cloud computing while maintaining control of the data center. It is appropriate for the Headspace as it is concerned about the data it stores and wants to have complete control and access to the cloud. As a healthcare organization, Headspace is subject to various data privacy regulations and legislation. Private cloud may be the best position for the organization as it fits its security and data needs. Private cloud is organization-specific implying that is developed specifically for Headspace needs and is not shared among many users. With a private cloud, a business has more control over the cloud services and infrastructure (Dillon, 2010). Private cloud allows robust service level agreements which enhances reliability. Additionally, an IT team can customize the cloud components to ensure the cloud service is the right fit for the organization. The private cloud has various drawbacks which can limit is adoption especially by cash-strapped organizations. It is more costly than public cloud computing. It increases costs due to increased management responsibilities (Grossman, 2009). Hence, it is important for businesses to weight the risks and costs of the solution. The private cloud also requires an IT team with experience in cloud computing. Firms without the infrastructure to build a private cloud incur a lot of costs in outsourcing the work to IT experts. Also, firms need IT professionals to maintain the private cloud. Hybrid cloud supports a mixed approach whereby businesses can pick some elements of either public or private cloud or combine both in a manner that aligns with their needs (Li, 2015). For example, a retail company can deploy its e-commerce website on a private cloud but can also host its non-sensitive information on the public cloud. Hybrid cloud balances security and convenience. This has led to the rise in the number of businesses adopting hybrid cloud services. Since hybrid cloud incorporates both private and public cloud elements, businesses can mix the components that offer them a balance between security and cost. Hybrid cloud services are also cost-effective as enterprises enjoy the cheap costs of public cloud and the security offered by the private cloud. Despite its apparent benefits, hybrid cloud also has several drawbacks that limit its implementation. It requires tools and skills to build and manage hybrid cloud solution. Not every enterprise has the capital and expertise to adopt the solution. Often, it might be necessary for a company to outsource the cloud installation process to outside talent. Furthermore, the IT team implementing the solution has to undergo additional training which incurs costs. While public cloud is relatively flexible and low-cost, building a private cloud can incur a lot of costs due to the hardware required. Heavy use of public cloud may lead to high usage bills. Compatibility is another challenges when executing a hybrid cloud strategy. Given that a company runs a private cloud that it controls and public cloud run by third-party owners, the two may have different stacks that are incompatible. Also, integration of data and applications is a challenge when developing a hybrid cloud. The two depend on each other so when they are stored in different cloud architectures, they may raise technical issues. Private cloud is the most suitable cloud solution for Headspace foundation. While it is costly to implement, it offers a high level of security. Since the foundation deals with sensitive personal health information, it requires a secure solution that can safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of its patients information. The private cloud can secure this information in a manner that aligns with legislation protecting user information. Predictive SDLC Predictive SDLC is a traditional approach to system development that involves several stages which include project planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support (Sakul-Ung, 2017). In project planning, a project is initiated, a feasibility study is conducted, the project schedule is created, and project approval is obtained. In the analysis phase, the stakeholders assess the project to gain an insight into business needs. The design phase focuses on defining the solution based on the requirements identified in the previous phase. In the implementation phase, the system is developed and tested, and users are trained. Support is the last phase which involves providing user and system support to keep the system functioning as expected and improve its efficiency. The key advantage of predictive SDLC is having a clear plan before implementing the project. Since the approach requires extensive planning, developers can estimate schedule and budget accurately. The approach also tends to be secure as it is plan-centered hence a software can be easily created. However, predictive SDLC is rigid and flexible which creates challenges when change arises during the project. Changing the project at any stage is nearly impossible. Adaptive SDLC Adaptive SDLC is based on the spiral model. Under this model, there are project cycles in which development activities are done over and over until the project is completed (Qureshi, 2008). At the end of each cycle, a prototype is developed. In each cycle, emphasis is placed on mitigating risk. Iterations are a key component of this approach. Work activities are repeated with emphasis placed on refining the previous prototype in each iteration. The approach assumes that the system cannot be developed right for the first time hence there are several mini-projects in each iteration aimed at improving the prototype until stakeholders are satisfied with the deliverable. Adaptive SDLC is an incredibly flexible system development approach which supports changes throughout the system development life cycle (Naderuzzaman, 2011). Customer feedback that occurs during the project progress can be incorporated in the development process. Thus, the prototype is refined to respond to changing requirements. It is beneficial in situations where projects requirements can change. However, while it is highly flexible, it is hard to predict the project schedule and budget. Also, adaptive SLC requires intense collaboration which can be problematic. Headspace Foundation should adopt adaptive SDLC when developing the proposed solution. Adaptive SDLC is more appropriate than predictive SDLC as it is flexible and focuses on refining a prototype until the requirements are met. With this approach, the organization can incorporate new requirements that arise into the system development process. References Albert, W., Tullis, T. (2013).Measuring the user experience: collecting, analyzing, and presenting usability metrics. Newnes. Chung, L., Nixon, B. A., Yu, E., Mylopoulos, J. (2012).Non-functional requirements in software engineering(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Dillon, T., Wu, C., Chang, E. (2010, April). Cloud computing: issues and challenges. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on(pp. 27-33). Ieee. Glinz, M. (2007, October). On non-functional requirements. InRequirements Engineering Conference, 2007. RE'07. 15th IEEE International(pp. 21-26). IEEE. Grossman, R. L. (2009). The case for cloud computing.IT professional,11(2), 23-27. Li, J., Li, Y. K., Chen, X., Lee, P. P., Lou, W. (2015). A hybrid cloud approach for secure authorized deduplication.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,26(5), 1206-1216. Liu, H. H. (2011).Software performance and scalability: a quantitative approach(Vol. 7). John Wiley Sons. Lyu, M. R. (2007, May). Software reliability engineering: A roadmap. In2007 Future of Software Engineering(pp. 153-170). IEEE Computer Society. Naderuzzaman, M., Rabbi, F., Beg, A. H. (2011). An improved adaptive software development methodology.Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems,2(3), 35-40. Pecht, M. (Ed.). (2009).Product reliability, maintainability, and supportability handbook. CRC Press. Pohl, K. (2010).Requirements engineering: fundamentals, principles, and techniques. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Ren, K., Wang, C., Wang, Q. (2012). Security challenges for the public cloud.IEEE Internet Computing,16(1), 69-73. Sakul-Ung, P., Chutimaskul, W. (2017, February). A predictive model for successful software development projects with information technology strategic alignment. InProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications(pp. 39-45). ACM. Qureshi,M. R. J., Hussain, S. A. (2008). An adaptive software development process model.Advances in Engineering Software,39(8), 654-658.

windows nt 4.0 Essay Example For Students

windows nt 4.0 Essay Windows NT Operating System Windows NT History. Since it was first released in 1993, Microsoft Windows NT Server has established itself as the network operating system (NOS) of choice for countless organizations of all sizes in private industry and public agencies. They have discovered that Windows NT Server is extremely reliable, highly scalable, and capable of handling the complex, mission-critical demands of even large Fortune 500 corporations. But the widespread adoption of Windows NT Server stems from more than just its operating system capabilities. What IT managers in every industry are discovering is that Windows NT Server provides a complete and solid platform for an all-encompassing range of services and activities. It combines the best aspects of an application server, a file and printer server, a communications server, and a Web server — along with interoperability and management features that make it an excellent NOS for organizations, whether they have mixed computing environments or operate entirely on Windows NT Server. Windows NT provides the backbone for a complete, organic system, where all elements working together seamlessly. We will write a custom essay on windows nt 4.0 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When joined with other Windows NT-related products, including the BackOffice family of applications and Windows NT Workstation, Windows NT Server provides the foundation for a powerful and well integrated environment. That integration means that administrators and developers can focus on their jobs, instead of spending time and money wrangling with disparate systems and applications.1 Scalability. Windows NT runs across both Intel- and RISC- based architectures, providing maximum flexibility and minimizing the number of operating system platforms that businesses need to support. Windows NT runs 32-bit applications , and many 16-bit applications. That’s because each 16-bit application can run as a separate, multi-tasked process in its own memory address space–isolated from other active applications. This multi-tasking process also boosts application speed and responsiveness, and provides maximum data and application protection. Windows NT is also licensed for use on Symmetric Multi Processing (SMP) servers with up to eight processors for high scalability. Versions of Windows NT Server, available from select system vendors support even larger SMP servers up to 32-processor support. Large SMP servers running Windows NT Server represent a powerful upgrade path for enterprise applications that need to handle more users and data. NT Enterprise Edition’s 4 GB Memory Tuning feature (4GT) supports servers that have up to 4 GB of RAM. This new capability allows memory-intensive applications running on the OS to use up to 50 percent more RAM on 32-bit Intel-architecture servers. 4GT does this by reducing the potential RAM allocated to the Windows NT kernel from 2 GB to 1 GB and increasing the potential RAM allocated to applications from 2 GB to 3 GB. The result can dramatically improve performance.2 NT Security. The high level of security in Windows NT provides benefits in both standalone and connected environments, and works regardless of your choice of network operating system. That’s because Windows NT a virtual gate through which all users, resources, and applications must pass–giving comprehensive control and User?security. The security features in Windows NT Workstation include:Industry standard-based certificates to?authentication and access controlThe Windows NT File System (NTFS) to protect?verify the origin of unknown code ? Auditing to identify potential risks ?the file system and its contents Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) for secure Internet connections With Windows NT, you control which users and applications have access to your crucial data, line-of-business applications, and base operating system–so you can keep your system safe from tampering or user error. And you can set separate user profiles on a single desktop, each with its own set of clearances and prohibitions. A secure network system has many characteristics. A baseline measurement of a secure operating system is the U.S. National Security Agency’s criteria for a C2-level secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U. S. Government installations, its substantial value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information.3 The operating system must protect data stored in memory for one process so that it is not randomly reused by other processes. For example, Microsoft Windows NT Server operating system protects memory so that its contents cannot be read after it is freed by a process. In addition, when a file is deleted, users must not be able to access the file’s data even when the disk space used by that file is allocated for use by another file. This protection must also extend to the disk, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and any other devices. Each user must uniquely identify himself or herself. In the Windows NT Server operating system, this is achieved by typing a unique logon name and password before being allowed access to the system. .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postImageUrl , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:visited , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active { border:0!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Subject: English Essay The system must be able to use this unique identification to track the activities of the user. Also, system administrators must be able to audit security-related events and the actions of individual users. Access to this audit data must be limited to authorized administrators. In addition to meeting the U. S. Government’s C2 requirements, there are certain â€Å"real world† security problems that a fully secure system must also solve. These real world security issues tend to fall into two categories: managing security and using security. Windows NT Server is designed to meet the requirements for a C2 secure system while also providing excellent tools for both managing and using these comprehensive security features. The requirements for a C2 secure system are articulated by the U.S. Department of Defense’s National Computer Security Center (NCSC) in the publication Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, also known as the â€Å"Orange Book.† All systems, whether they are network operating systems or standalone operating systems, are evaluated under the criteria set forth in the Orange Book. Windows NT Server was designed from the ground up to comply with the NCSC’s Orange Book requirements. Microsoft and the NCSC have worked closely throughout development to ensure that both Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server comply with the government’s requirements for a C2 secure system. The NCSC has published different â€Å"interpretations† of the Orange Book. These interpretations clarify Orange Book requirements with respect to specific system components. For example, the NCSC’s Trusted Network Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, or â€Å"Red Book† is an interpretation of Orange Book security requirements as they would be applied to the networking component of a secure system. The Red Book does not change the requirements, it simply indicates how a network system should operate in order to meet Orange Book requirements for a C2 secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U.S. Government installations, its value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information. Windows NT also supports security in confronting the highly challenging security environment of the Internet. Windows NT, in combination with Internet Explorer 4.0, lets you establish various levels of â€Å"trust zones† for a comprehensive approach to managing high-risk unknown sites, moderate-risk known â€Å"extranet† sites, as well as low-risk intranet sites. Windows NT Server stores user account information, including a derivative of the user account password, in a secure portion of the registry protected by access control and an obfuscation function. The account information in the registry is only accessible to members of the administrators group. Windows NT Server, like other operating systems, allows privileged users who are administrators to access all resources on the system. For users who require enhanced security, strong encryption of account password derivative information provides an additional level of security to prevent administrators from intentionally or unintentionally accessing password derivatives using registry-programming interfaces. Strong encryption protects private account information by encrypting the password data using a 128-bit cryptographically random key, known as a password encryption key. NT World Wide Web Service. (IIS v.4) The Web is transforming the way organizations communicate and conduct business. Each day, companies are finding new ways to exploit Internet technology, not only for tapping into virtually unlimited reservoirs of information, but for building new communications infrastructures that are easily accessed with browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer. Intranets and extranets are an increasingly common means for establishing powerful avenues of communications, internally as well as externally for communicating with customers, partners, and suppliers. By unifying the Web server into the operating system, Windows NT Server minimizes the traditional scenario in which additional software, and sometimes hardware, must be licensed to design, deploy, and manage Web applications.3 Windows NT Server includes software required for creating intranets, commerce-enabled Web sites, and extranets. Included tools run the gamut from basic, entry-level Web page creation software to sophisticated scripting tools. Custom and line-of-business applications: More and more businesses need the flexibility of buying or building applications, depending on the tasks at hand. Today there are literally thousands of applications designed from inception to maximize the management and performance features of Windows NT Server. If an organization needs an application that is not available off the shelf, Windows NT Server meshes seamlessly with rich development tools — including the Microsoft Visual Studio development system — and Microsoft SQL ServerTM to provide a unified, easy-to-use environment for unlimited application development potential. .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postImageUrl , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:visited , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active { border:0!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation is Not the Problem Essay The combination of Web and operating system services in Windows NT Server 4.0 makes it possible for the first time to deploy scalable and reliable Web-based applications. Windows NT Server 4.0 incorporates Internet Information Server 4. 0 (IIS)services, enhancing the operating system into a singular, cohesive platform that combines easy, reliable applications services with comprehensive Web services. IIS also supports multiple Web server scenarios, ranging from simple Web sites on a corporate intranet to large Internet Service Provider (ISP) Web-hosting farms. Specifically, IIS 4.0 accommodates multiple Web sites with support for host headers, Web Site Operators, per-Web site bandwidth throttling, and enhanced Web-based administration. Crash Protection allows customers to run multiple applications reliably on the Web server. If one application crashes, the Web server and other applications will continue to run, and the failed application restarts upon the next request. IIS 4.0 provides the highest levels of integration with Windows NT Server. By integrating the Web server with the base operating system, Windows NT Server and IIS 4.0 provide organizations with an integrated platform for managing their network, Web and applications.4 Certificate Server 1.0. Certificate Server is a general-purpose, highly customizable server application for managing the issuance, revocation, and renewal of digital certificates. Digital certificates are used for public-key cryptography applications, such as server and client authentication under the Secure Sockets layer (SSL) or Private Communication Technology (PCT) protocols. With Certificate Server, organizations can perform authentications on a corporate intranet or across the Internet. IIS 4. 0 includes an integrated certificate server that is tightly integrated with the Windows NT Server security model allowing organizations to issue and manage Internet standard X.509 digital certificates. This release also offers security enhancements for international banks. Using Server Gated Crypto technology, international banks are able to offer the strongest (128-bit) encryption for its online transactions. Future of Windows NT Much has changed since the 1996 launch of Windows NT Server 4.0. Customer requirements for a server operating system have evolved to include support for applications, Web services, communications, and much more. As most organizations have sought to keep computer system costs down, they have demanded more versatility from their server operating systems. One multipurpose server can often replace several disparate, single-purpose servers–an efficiency that helps simplify and consolidate the computing environment. Further, the server operating system has taken an increasingly critical role in conducting everyday business, and networks and computing systems have grown more complex. Security issues have become more important: As organizations have more of their business wrapped up in the network, they have more to protect. Windows NT has been consistently improved, enhanced, and updated to meet those requirements. Windows NT has become the most comprehensive server operating system, combining best of class application services, file and print services, communications services and Web services. Yet at the core is a stable code base that has proven to be a strong and versatile performer for organizations of all sizes, earning broad industry support in the form of products and services built around Windows NT Microsoft has made several comprehensive improvements to Windows NT, with the addition of an Option Pack, Service Pack 6 and two specialized versions –Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition and Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition. Windows NT Option Pack contains Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ), Internet Connection Services for Remote Access Service (RAS), and improved Internet Information Server (IIS) technologies. Service Pack 4 contains updates for Windows NT Server 4.0 for Year-2000 compliance and Euro currency, new management and security features, as well as improvements to the reliability and usability of the product.5 It also provides Windows NT with font support for the Euro, the proposed single currency of the European Union. This support enables users to input and display the Euro symbol in applications that are Euro symbol-enabled. Service Pack 4 includes the new Euro currency symbol in core fonts. The rich features of Windows NT Server make it an ideal network operating system. It is the ideal platform for enterprise computing, providing a unified, high-performance environment for the Web, for building applications, and for communications and collaboration

The Bank of Canada essays

The Bank of Canada essays Canadas central bank, the Bank of Canada, is a largely unknown institution to the majority of Canadians. Despite its small size and obscurity, however, the Bank of Canada plays a vital role in the nations economy. With a budget that is dwarfed by most minor federal agencies, the Bank maintains a policy capacity that allows it to take a fast and effective role in influencing Canadas economic climate. The Bank is given autonomy that is unparalleled by other agencies, exemplified by the fact that the Governor of the Bank is appointed to seven year terms in which he/she is greatly shielded from political pressures. The internal structure of the Bank promotes the influence of the Governor, although all monetary decisions must take into account global conditions and inflationary goals. The Bank of Canada was created in 1934 with the passing of the Bank of Canada Act. The poor economic conditions during the depression prompted demands for government intervention into the economy, and the creation of the Bank was a way for the government to gain control of monetary policy. Canada was comparably late in creating a central bank: the United States having done so in 1913 and the UK way back in 1694. The original mandate of the Bank, as laid out in the Bank of Canada Act, was to regulate credit and currency, protect the value of the dollar from undue fluctuations and promote the economic and financial welfare of the Dominion . The objectives given to the bank were broad and left a lot up to the will of the Governor. The original ownership structure of the Bank was made up of private shareholders who could not work in the financial sector. The intent was to create a separation between the Bank and the financial community, as well as the Bank and the government itself. Th e government, in an attempt to gain further control over monetary policy, nationalized the Bank in 1938 making it a crown corporation. Throughout i...

Explanation of the graphics figures upon budget Assignment

Explanation of the graphics figures upon budget - Assignment Example The budget line implies that if Susan spent all her income on clothing she would be able to purchase OB units of it. If on the other hand, Susan spent all her income on food, she would be able to purchase OA units of food. If she allocates her income on both goods then all combinations of food and clothing she can attain are those on or within the line AB. Thus the triangle OAB defines the combinations of food and clothing attainable by Susan, given her income and the prices of food and clothing. Assuming that Susan is rational, and the law of diminishing marginal utility holds for both goods, and she has continuous and complete preferences, her preferences can be depicted by downward sloping convex indifference curves. Susan’s objective is to attain the highest possible indifference curve within the reach of her budget set. This is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: the utility maximising choice in Adelaide As shown above in figure 2, given her budget constraint, Susan’s utility maximizing choice in Adelaide is point E. She consumes OC of food and OD of clothing and this generates the level of utility denoted by the indifference curve IC1. Linda is aware that in Melbourne the prices of both goods are higher and that food is relatively more expensive than clothing compared to the situation in Adelaide. Therefore, with her present income (that she earns by working in Adelaide) Susan will be able to by lesser of both food and clothing. Additionally, because food is rela tively more expensive, not only she will be able to buy less of food if she invests all her income in food compared to the amount of food she would be able to buy in Adelaide, the reduction in the amount of food she can buy will be more than the reduction in the amount of clothing she will be able to buy. What this implies is that i) her budget line will shrink inwards and ii) it will be relatively more flat compared to her budget line in Adelaide. This is depicted in figure 3. Figure 3: FG - Susan's budget line in Melbourne if her income remains equal to her Adelaide income In the diagram above, FG is Susan’s budget line in Melbourne if her income remains unchanged. Observe that not only can she buy fewer amounts of either products, the reduction in her capacity to purchase clothing had she chosen to invest all her income in clothing, depicted by the amount GB in the figure above, is less than the reduction in the amount of food she can buy if she invests all her income in f ood, AF. This is implied by the fact that food is relatively more expensive than clothing in Melbourne. Figure 4: Susan's new budget set relative to her old preferred bundle and utility level. Therefore, as reflected in figure 4, Susan can no longer access the utility level denoted by the indifference curve IC1 and nor can she afford the commodity bundle she preferred when she was in Adelaide. Therefore her real income will fall if she has to move to Melbourne but her income is still as it was back in Adelaide. Linda, if she has to make sure Susan accepts the offer, will have to pay her enough to ensure that her real income is at least as high as it is presently in Adelaide. There are two possible ways of achieving this. I. If Susan is paid an income so that she can purchase a commodity bundle that places her again at the utility level IC1. This implies paying her an income over her present Adelaide income that will allow her to access her old indifference curve IC1. This would be w hat is termed as the Hicksian compensation. The idea is that Susan will be back at her old real income level if she has access to her old utility level. Figure 5: The Hicksian Compensation - PQ

International Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Finance - Case Study Example In 1993, ICI demerged its bioscience businesses to a publicly listed company, Zeneca Group PLC. 1997 saw ICI transforming from a regional manufacturer of bulk chemicals to a global specialty chemical and paints leader with the acquisition of Unilever's Speciality Chemicals businesses. Over the last decade, ICI has transformed its portfolio through a number of acquisitions and divestments worth more than 12 billion. Proceeds from divestments have helped ICI reduce its net debt and improve its balance sheet strength (ICI Annual Report, 2006). This paper evaluates the international operations of ICI and discusses how important international trade is for the ICI Group. Various analyses are conducted such as strategic, financial, SWOT, and risk to provide a deeper insight into the company's international operations. ICI Board comprises of the Chairman, Chief Executive, 3 directors, and five non-executive directors. Collectively, the Board is responsible for the success of the company. Through the Chief Executive, the Board delegates to management the overall performance of the company through the setting of clear objectives, building long-term management capability and ensuring that the business is managed in conformity with the business principles. Core businesses Core businesses of ICI comprise ICI Paints and the adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials operations of National Starch. These businesses serve diverse consumer and industrial markets through 40 strategic business units. These businesses are supported by Group functions that provide expertise in the disciplines of information technology, finance, human resources, operations, procurement, safety, security, and applied technology (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI Paints has some of the world's leading paint and decorative product brands. ICI makes products to prepare and care for many building materials, and provides coatings for cans and packages. It is headquartered in the UK and has operations in 25 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006). National Starch markets a broad array of products to various sectors such as food, healthcare and construction. It has four divisions that are grouped around adhesives, specialty starches, specialty polymers and electronic materials. National Starch is headquartered in the United States, and has manufacturing and customer service centres in 39 countries (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI has a number of regional and industrial businesses, principal operations for which are located in Pakistan and Argentina. They include the manufacture of pure terephthalic acid, polyester, sulphur-related chemicals, wine chemicals and soda ash (ICI Annual Report, 2006). ICI is headquartered in the UK, with geographically diversified operations worldwide. Asia and Latin America account for 36% of sales, North America 33%, Europe 29%, and the rest of the world 2%. ICI's businesses have adopted a staffing policy whereby local nationals are typically hired. Total employee strength at ICI is 29, 130, of which 87% are located outside the UK. ICI Group has operations in more than 50 countries around the world. More than 60% of the Group's revenue comes from sectors which are believed to be non-cyclical in nature, such

Characteristics of Chinese Culture in Online Games

Characteristics of Chinese Culture in Online Games Abstract Game industry is a kind of globalizing market. This research is investigating the relationship between game art and culture. Due to each culture has an original root which influences particular cultural forms. Therefore, cultural barriers play a crucial role in the game design. In some ways, cultural barriers prevent games from globalization market. The society of online games is formed by players who come from various culture backgrounds. Additionally, the online game which involves more interactive elements is affected by culture significantly. Players are not playing with computer but human beings. This new way of game play gives more freedom to players and designers. Meanwhile, online game has close connection with culture. When we talk about online game industry we cannot ignore the Chinese online game industry, because China is one of the biggest online game industries in the world. The paper focuses on Chinese online game industry because of its accomplishments, highest speed of development and huge online game market. And how this ancient culture influences the new media form is crucial area to investigate. Firstly, brief original Chinese culture will be presented for clearing an archetypal culture value. Based on Chinese online game industry, a local game named Westward Journey Online ? is examined for getting valuable methods which are how to use the archetypal cultural values into game art. From the examination on Chinese culture, value methods possible are getting for widen audiences all over the world. However, there is limitation existing in this paper which ignores other distinguishing culture contents. Further research might go more detailed on various culture forms for this particular research area.   1 Introduction The main purpose of this research is to examine the archetypal/universal characteristics that are expressed in Chinese culture within Multiple Massive Online Games in order to explain to a western the shared human values that are expressed in a uniquely Chinese expression of archetypal human values. The study examines the impact of archetypal cultural characteristics on game aesthetics that is important for corporations that are desirous to explore business throughout worldwide. Due to globalization might be a kind of megatrend in modern society as cultural forms, cultural barriers might exist to prevent the global distributions of games to some extent in the process of game development. There was a hot discussion about a female character in different cultural styles online (Liuduanyinsu 2008). This female character named Faith who was the heroine in Mirrors Edge which was developed by D.I.C.E studio in Sweden (2009). Her appearance caused controversy about what kind of female charac ter could reach the expectation from each side of culture backgrounds. When Mirrors edge came to Japan, the Japanese players were not satisfied in the design of this character. Therefore, some of Japanese players adopted the female character depending on their own expectations. We could see the clear distinguishing features of different tastes on female beauty from figure 1 and 2. After the adaptation of the character, each side of players expressed their opinions. Both sides were not satiated to the other sides design. The discussion presented the cultural barriers on female beauty. Exploring the question that is how the features of culture influences game aesthetics could clarify the future direction of both single Game Corporation and the whole game industry. Therefore, a high level of culture understanding is necessary for meeting players expectations. As a result, the cultural barriers influence game aesthetics in certain ways. The platform of the study is set in China which is a long history country and has various mythologies which could reflect traditional culture and the process of development of each culture in some way. The culture studies could give us the solid basis of understanding of the Chinese cultural root and human values. The newest form studies of combing game art and culture open the door to explore new opportunities for fresh knowledge in this area. At the same time, the examination of Chinese culture could give a brief impression to western readers for understanding the distinct cultural form which has very different philosophy of life, attitudes, lifestyle, ideology and values from westerners. Meanwhile, it is aware that the myths influence game design and aesthetics significantly. Many myths are widely applied into game design and art, for example the characters in myths become main adopted features into game design like priest, Druid, Dragons etc both in western culture and eastern cu lture. Why is this situation happening? Are there same features between mythology and games so that the two things could be concordantly combined? In the research, the Journey to the West and games that were adapted from it is employed as a successful case to investigate for finding the acceptable answers. Moreover, the fast speed of development online game industry gives the research an additional benefit to unfold the examination. According to the trend of globalization, bigger game marketplace could be opened by applying different cultural contexts into game aesthetics after the research. Moreover, the game industry gains much more attention from modern society which includes academic field and marketplace. People desire to obtain benefits from the fresh and cutting edge game industry such as entertainment and education. The major research question is: how archetypal/universal characteristics are reflecting in online games based on Chinese culture? Afterwards, two further questions are: what is the archetypal characteristic of Chinese culture? And what kinds of archetypal could be translated into universal for more audiences in online games? For answering these questions, multidiscipline study will be involved. There are culture studies, art, marketing and the newest one- computer games study. Depends on aims and research questions, the objectives have been listed below: To establish understanding of culture for game aesthetics using creative methods in culture studies To explore the relation of mythology and game aesthetics across several subjects To explore the functions of culture in game aesthetics and seek possibility of combining two different cultures into game art for widen players. 2 The background information of Chinese online game industry 2.1 Localization of Chinese online game industry Chinese online game industry has a fastest speed of development and gives a great influence on the globalization game marketplace. From the research of the three nations that are American, Korea and China, it could be discovered that the income of American online game came from games exporting, and Korea is developing the exporting outside and locally operating, the income of China online game mainly came from locally operating. Therefore, a part of income in American and Korea online games came from Chinese online game marketplace (iResearch 2009). The report from iResearch (2009) evinced that the revenue of Chinese online game market occupied about 27 percentages of global game market and it is ranked the second position, American online game industry is 29 percentages to take the lead and Korea is the third position as 21 percentages. Due to the fact about the data sources of game exporting, it is aware that Chinese online games industry is localization because of the lower export level. The reasons might be the strategy of government, cultural barriers or limitation of development. However, the Chinese online game industry is the biggest game marketplace in the world that is gradually getting more and more important status in international game industry by reason that the Chinese market size is 30.4 million dollars which occupies 27.1 percentages of the gross income of global online game marketing in 2008 according to the iResearch China Online Game Research Report (2009). In addition, China online game industry has the fastest developing speed. The report also predicted that the occupancy of Chinese online game market will continually increase at the speed of 5 percentages based on the research. Additionally, it is expected that the occupancy of Chinese online game market will be close to 50 percentages, and reach to 45.9 percentages (iResearch 2009). So it will become a big importing point of international online game industry. 2.2 The reasons of localization of online games boom in China The localization of Chinese online game industry is possibly caused by multiple reasons. Are the Chinese players easily accepting the games which are set in other cultural contexts? The answer is negative. Local games with strong cultural contexts could get sympathetic attentions by players who live in the cultural environments. The cultural barriers caused game marketplace in certain ways. Based on the research about the developing areas of online games which are paid great attention in Chinese online game industry by Baidu (2009), the highest attention rate of place of online games developers is China, the 49.65 percentages, following the second place is Korea which is 43.82 percentages, then there are American and Europe occupied 5.36 percentages and Japan is the lowest attention rate which is 1.18 percentages. So we can see the major online games are developed by local Chinese developers and Chinese neighbour-Korea which has similar culture with China. The similar cultures shared common online game market. And online game industry meet the situation in China, it is getting more and more advanced support from government and other objective supports. Since the operating of Chinese governments strategy named reform and opening-up, the political climate became enlightened and loosened so that peoples concepts are diversity and more easily accepting new things and globalization environment is established as a result of that popular culture could gain opportunity of booming (Xiaolin 2008). Moreover, why could the online games get improvement in China rather than console games? One main reason is the pirate. In China, players could spend just few money to get the illegal copies from peddlers. This becomes a bad habit in Chinese players. And the pirate brings a negative influence to the console and computer games. Therefore, Chinese developers cannot get deserved profits from developing videogames and console games. The intellectual property of game developers is not protected. The failure sales of videogames and computer games give more space to online games development in China. Finally, huge population forms the largest marketplace in China. It is reported that there are more than three hundreds millions cyber citizens in China until 17 July 2009 depending on the update database of China Internet Network Information Centre (2009). Thanks to the development of hardware and cyber technology, the disseminate internet is continually growing. More and more people use internet in China, and there are more potential players on internet. Based on the investigation of Niko Partners, there are forty six million online game players who spent seventeen million dollars on online games in China (Sina 2008). This great circumstance for online games creates more and more opportunities for online game development. Following on the fast developing speed of Chinese online game industry, the further potentials need to be explored by the industry insiders. 3 The background of Chinese culture 3.1 The collective and discriminative culture In different situation, the definition of culture has different explanation. The research mainly discussed art and culture for the latter investigation of game art and culture. Therefore, the definition of culture related to art or aesthetics is the focal point; it does not mean we ignore other important comprehension of culture studies, all the necessary study also is considered through the whole process of investigation. For the later research, which definition of culture is properly suitable for investigating the relation of culture and game aesthetics might be sorted out. Firstly the definition of culture in dictionary must be considered. The culture in English involves several meanings as a noun. The one of major definitions in Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary (1990, p.284) of culture described that all the arts, beliefs, social institutions, etc characteristic of a community, race, etc. In Collins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary (2004), there are similar explanations of the term culture that are culture consists of activities such as the arts and philosophy, which are considered to be important for the development of civilization and of peoples mind, a culture is a particular society or civilization, especially considered in relation to its beliefs, way of life, or art and the culture of a particular organization or group consists of the habits of the people in it and the way they generally behave. From there definition in dictionary, the main feature of culture is collective, a certain subject of peoples common min d. The common ground includes arts, beliefs, habits, lifestyle, customs, institutions and philosophy. So sometimes, the culture means peoples shared mind in one nation, one race even bigger in one group which has common benefits. Simply speaking, culture could be understood as a group of people who has a similar taste on game aesthetics in this field of research. This might be the reason why cultural barriers influence selling of games which involve strong cultural features. Excepting the property of collective of culture, another crucial nature of culture is discriminative. Culture is regarded as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another by Geert (2001). If a culture loses its own distinguishing feature, it will vanish in the world. In other word, culture involves another important function which is identifying humans origins. Therefore, different cultures exist by their identification and discrimination with other cultural forms. Applying the feature of culture into this research, the different areas in game industry could be distinguished by analysing cultural characteristics. There is another English word civilisation which is treated as a synonym of the word culture. It has similar definition with culture; however this word civilisation emphasizes on the differentiation of culture. People always say ancient Egyptian civilisation, American Indian civilisation and Arab civilisation etc. When we say Chinese civilisation, the name externalizes the particular cultural form. A culture is archetypal and distinguishing. Therefore, the different culture gives distinguishing art styles to various games. 3.2 Chinese culture The Chinese culture exists for thousands of years; it has great influences to the East area and other parts of the world. Due to the complex culture forms, it is hard to present a very clear and details of this particular culture. This paper is investigating the major root of Chinese culture which possibly affects modern new media the games. These contents of Chinese cultural root include Confucianism, Taoism and very crucial concepts of harmony between man and nature. These foundational concepts of Chinese culture give a great influence to very aspects of modern society. Meanwhile, games reflect or being reflected these traditional cultural concepts more or less. It needs to understand the cultural root for further studies of games and culture. 3.2.1 Brief introduction of Confucianism The Confucianism is a complexity. Some people consider it is a cult, others think it is a form of learning (Xinzhong 2000). However, the research regards Confucianism is a form of culture. The content of Confucianism involves several disciplines such as moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious which reflect cultural contexts in China. Due to the Confucianism involves different explanations in different historical periods; there is no specific definition for it. From different aspects, we could get different comprehensions from Confucianism. However, the central thought still exists and has positive impacts on modern Chinese people. Generally speaking, there are three cores themes and a crucial core concept in Confucianism. Those are Li ritual in English, De virtue, Ren humanity and the doctrine of mean. It is said that China is a state of ceremony because of the strict ritual from Confucianism. Some of the rituals were used into Chinese online games in order to give the local people familiar things in a virtual and realistic ancient world. In terms of original concept, Li is an important behavioural norm in Confucianism, and it includes traditional rituals. In Confucianism, it states that grades of peoples relationship which includes the monarch and his subjects, parents and children, older sisters (brothers) and young sisters (brothers) should be clearly distinguished, and upper position of person have superior rights than lowers (Baidu 2009). For example, in ancient Chinese imperial family the emperor could talk several wives, and the first wifes child is the son and heir who have greatest prerogatives than other wives children, such as acceding to the throne as the first person selected. And in modern China, the norm involves less power, but in Chinese family there are still some shadows of the Li existing. For instance, children should respect seniorities. When a Chinese family have an important dinner together, the oldest family member takes a seat in the best positions around a big table. The senior people usually have a greater power in the society, others always respect them. So the Li developed the strict hierarchy system in ancient Chinese society. The virtue named De in Chinese is a tool to measure humans behaviours. Filial piety and Loyalty are two main contents in Confucianism (Kai-wing 1994, p.36). Filial piety means children should respect their parents. Simply speaking, offspring should give supports to their seniorities that cannot take care of themselves. These supports include mental supports and material supports. There are many legends and tales talking about filial piety in China to instruct peoples behaviours. One of the famous stories about filial piety is that the person named Dongyong sold himself for money in order to bury his fathers body, the city named Xiaogan which means the miracle of filial piety inspires god came from the ancient story (Wilt 2009). Ancient Chinese emperor applies De into ruling. The virtue in Confucianism requests governors using benevolent politics and self virtue to rule civilians. It presents using virtue to educate people for peaceful and steady society. Humanity is a core content of Confucianism. It claims loving human, people should love each other, support each other and existing with each other. Therefore, the basic meaning of Ren is homage and friendship. In ancient Chinese governments always employed Ren into their ruling strategy, so it was developed to a kind of political strategy called policy of benevolence which advocated using the proactive and ethical human being to rule the country. It is different with western jural strategy. However, it involves some limit from contemporary viewpoints. The doctrine of mean is another crucial concept of Confucianism. Zhangxin who is a professor researching Sinology introduced his opinion about the doctrine of mean. The spirit of medium way is doing something using appropriate methods to keep the things in a reasonable and fair expectation for people. He also claimed culture does not need to meet the international standards and the archetypal culture is the universal. Medium way is a root of Confucianism and Chinese culture, it affects peoples behaviours at present. Peoples characteristics might be determined by the origin of their cultures. So the characteristics of Chinese people are introverted poise and defensive just reflect the medium way in Confucianism. 3.2.2 Brief introduction of Taoism In the research, the characteristics of China are going to discuss from the native religion of Taoism rather than investigation on religion itself. Taoism is a native philosophical and religious of China and it focus on the moral code. It came from China and has influenced East Asia for over two millennia and the West for over two centuries (James 2003). On one hand, Taoism is one of main original inspirations for Chinese games. On the other hand, it is a core of human value in Chinese society. Taoisms concepts could be applied into computer game design. The original religion involves several worships. Those include nature worship, totem worship, spirits worship and ancestor worship. Moreover, there is a complex system of Daoism, different branches have different leaders. These features of Daoism give great inspirations to game designers. The features have already employed into several Chinese games which used traditional themes and backgrounds. The Jianxia3 online employed many Daoisms elements into the game play (Kingsoft 2009). Players could choose Chunyang branch which is a real branch of Daoism as their clans. There are many rooms of Daoism could be employed into game design such as celestial beings, making pills of immortality and Fengshui theory in Daoism. Taoism affects human beings behaviours and thoughts; from this point the conducts in Taoism could reveal the core human value in China. The noun Taoism involves different elements with Daoism, at the first place we should distinguishing the two nouns for latter discussion. Taoism is a type of thought or doctrine; it was developed by Lao Tzu who is a thinker and ideologist in ancient China. The book named Tao Te Ching is a Chinese classic text which is considered as a basic origin in Taoism like Bible in Christianity. However, the first official classic of Daoism is named Taiping Ching. Tao Te Ching and Taiping Ching plus Zhouyicantongqi are considered as the origin of Daoisms religion and theory by current academic area. Simply speaking, Taoism is a kind of theory and Daoism is a religion. There are the jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation and humility (Ray 1989, p.133). These conducts reflect to Taoist become a crucial belief named Wu wei which is action without bureaucratic, competitive, aggressive, or self-serving effort. Wu wei is a way of being that comes from an internal sensitivity to the natural rhythms of the universe, similar to water flowing over or around rocks, logs, or islands in a stream, (R. Paul 2002, p.152). Wu wei is a basic cognition of Taoism to the development of nature and human society. The general meaning of Wu wei action through inaction does not mean doing nothing but revealing things with soft and invisible power (Richard 2004). In Taoism, it is considered humans behaviours and the way of act should obey the law of nature. The all things in the world develop by themselves, human beings cannot intervene the development of nature and all other things. This thought forces Chinese people like to stick to old ways and make Chinese characteri stic becoming mediocrity. This is reflected in the characteristics is defensive and moderate temperament. 3.2.3 The relationship between man and nature in Chinese culture This concept of relationship between man and nature reflects into game design is that the characters in games usually involve appearances of natural things like animal monsters. The situation is very different from western games which seldom apply monsters came from nature. This might be caused by Chinese original root which is called harmony between man and nature which is widely considered as the main principal part of Chinese traditional culture. In the traditional Chinese culture, the world is separated into three parts that are heaven, manpower and earth. For each part there are specific classic texts for guiding peoples behaviours. I Ching is used to guide for explaining relation between heaven and manpower. It presents how to obey law of nature to make human ideal and healthy. The analects of Confucius expound relation between manpower and heaven for instructing people making right choices. And the Sunzi Art of War is a book to be used in war it presents relations of human bei ngs themselves. The Dao Te Ching which was mentioned in previous paragraph is employed to coordinate human and earth making the harmony between man and nature. The last one named Huang di nei Ching interprets earth and human beings for guide people to get the benefits from earth. The ancient classic traditional Chinese philosophy teaches Chinese people the major behaviours. It affects peoples choices more or less in modern society. Understanding Chinese culture, these principles have to be clarified, because when the character involves archetypal characteristics it must follows some elements from these concepts from ancient China. 3.3 The original mythology in Chinese culture Mythology should not to be neglected because it reflects culture in some ways. William considers myth is culturally important, and myths are this kind of story which are created by individuals interpretations in discriminating special societies (William 2000). Myths demonstrate certain culture contents such as religious, rituals, customs, and peoples behaviours. Therefore, it might bring us to an articulate culture form by examining the particular mythology. In terms of game design, there are many games applying mythic elements into character designs, background stories, environment designs and requests designs. There might have common senses between games and myths. Why could the mythic contents be widely employed into games? This chapter will discuss myth and find out the bonding point between myths and games. 3.3.1 The definition of mythology At the first place, it needs to clarify that what are mythology and what kind of characteristics is involved in mythology. Williams suggested that myths are fictional but not unreal and non-empirical, however they are not incomprehensible and formed by values of fundamental mythical orientations of cultures (Williams 2000). And a common contestation of mythology is that myths are stories about gods or remote ancestors, myths are sacred stories, myths are stories that explain how the world and humans came to be in their present forms, and myths encapsulate important information about human thought, feeling, history, and social life (Yang, Deming and Jessica 2005). However, particular myths could be understood by people who live in the particular culture environment, it is hard to be comprehended by other person who has different culture background if he has not established understanding of the particular culture. Because each culturally mythology has distinguishing features. But myths still have universal features like the statement was presented by Stith Thompson in 1955 that myths are connecting with gods and their behaviours, creation, and the general nature of the universe and of the earth (Yang, Deming and Jessica 2005). Therefore, myths are universal and archetypal in every cultural form by using dialectic method of analysis. Games as a creative industry need creation and imagination, however the design of games should not be incredible. The attributes of games are very similar with mythologys which discussed above. This is not a coincidence; this is why there are so many designers employed mythological elements into the game design. There are two reasons that games should be imaginative and believable. The first one is the purpose of playing for imaginative feature of games. Players are anxious for getting entrainment from games; they usually want to get different experiences from playing games. If the environment and characters in games are same with real life, the game will be boring. Even a simulating game like series of Sims also involves other virtual elements for giving different experiences to players. Another reason is for believable; a game should be attractive to players, when players play the game they are immersing into the games. Unreal and incredible characters and environment cannot be acc eptable by players. So most of successful games were adopted from real stories, the Non-players character, the monsters and the avatars for players were altered from fictional characters in mythology. Generally speaking, games and mythology have same attributes. That the reason mythologies are widely used into game design both in environment setting, background stories and character designs. 3.3.2 The origin of mythology The origin of mythology is various. Some myths are adopted from the narratives of scripture by adding several imaginative elements and altered contents of the original scripture. And historical events are another source of mythology; the real historical case was rewritten by later people using the forms of legends and fabulous traditions which are widely disseminated. Additionally, there are other two features could describe myths which are allegorical and physical, nearly all the ancient myths are symbolical and involved some educational contents in aspects of moral, religious or philosophical truth etc (Thomas 2004). In terms of the origin of Chinese mythology, it is generally believed that the Chinese mythology originated from the totemism of remote Chinese ancestors and legends of ancient tribes. Some Chinese myths are another form of historical records, for instance it is confirmed that the myth of Nà ¼wa is partly true after discovering the historical remains belongs to the period of maternal tribes in China (need evidences). Moreover, the Chinese myths mirrored contents of religions; the concept of three worlds that are heaven, earth and human being in Chinese mythology is coming from Buddha. Many online games which were set in ancient Chinese environment were applied the concept of three worlds into game design. The characters in these games are generally separated into three groups which are celestial beings, devils and human beings. The Chinese cultural concept of the harmony between human and heaven is also reflecting in the local mythology. The Chinese myths usually concentrate on explain rationalize, embellish, humanize, or historicize the mythical beings (Williams 2000 1993: 387). The Chinese myths usually involve the characters who came from nature, like various devils are transformed from animals or plants of the nature. And they involve historical events such as Yan Di who is a mythic figure that invented agriculture in Chinese history, and many devils in mythology are transformed from animals and plants so that their appearances embody the shape of original animals or plants. This phenomenon might be a kind of culture barriers existing in the form of mythology. From the statement above, we could see the origin of mythology causes a kind of culture barrier. Mythologies of one culture are formed with local nuances. For example, the Chinese mythologies are influenced by local religions which are Buddha, Taoism and cultural ideology which is the harmony between human and nature. The local culture might determine major contents of mythologies. And mythologies were spreading by people in the different periods, during the different historical periods peoples thoughts are different and in some way reflect the certain society cognition. Therefore, the mythology is a mixture of local culture and peoples ideology of that time. Depends on distinguishing history of every culture, the local mythology is hardly understanding by other people who came from different cultural background. 3.3.3 The Chinese mythology in online games Due to the similar points between mythology and games, they naturally combine together. Moreover, the